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  <h2>python/面向对象进阶/1-类的继承</h2>



  <p class="post-date">2020-12-21</p>
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    <section class="markdown-content"><h1 id="一、什么是继承"><a href="#一、什么是继承" class="headerlink" title="一、什么是继承"></a>一、什么是继承</h1><ul>
<li>继承是一种新建类的方式，新建的类称为子类，被继承的类称为父类</li>
<li>继承的特性是：子类会遗传父类的属性</li>
<li>继承是类与类之间的关系</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/0081Kckwgy1glvts5mfutj30dv085gm8.jpg" alt="89-类的继承-继承.jpg"></p>
<h1 id="二、为什么用继承"><a href="#二、为什么用继承" class="headerlink" title="二、为什么用继承"></a>二、为什么用继承</h1><ul>
<li>使用继承可以减少代码的冗余</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="三、对象的继承"><a href="#三、对象的继承" class="headerlink" title="三、对象的继承"></a>三、对象的继承</h1><ul>
<li>Python中支持一个类同时继承多个父类</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Parent1:</span><br><span class="line">    pass</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class Parent2:</span><br><span class="line">    pass</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class Sub1(Parent1, Parent2):</span><br><span class="line">    pass</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li>使用<strong>bases</strong>方法可以获取对象继承的类</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(Sub1.__bases__)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(&lt;class &#39;__main__.Parent1&#39;&gt;, &lt;class &#39;__main__.Parent2&#39;&gt;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li>在Python3中如果一个类没有继承任何类，则默认继承object类</li>
<li>在Python2中如果一个类没有继承任何类，不会继承object类</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(Parent1.__bases__)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(&lt;class &#39;object&#39;&gt;,)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h1 id="四、类的分类"><a href="#四、类的分类" class="headerlink" title="四、类的分类"></a>四、类的分类</h1><ul>
<li>后面会详细解释类的分类，目前仅做了解</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="4-1-新式类"><a href="#4-1-新式类" class="headerlink" title="4.1 新式类"></a>4.1 新式类</h2><ul>
<li>继承了object的类以及该类的子类，都是新式类</li>
<li>Python3中所有的类都是新式类</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="4-2-经典类"><a href="#4-2-经典类" class="headerlink" title="4.2 经典类"></a>4.2 经典类</h2><ul>
<li>没有继承object的类以及该类的子类，都是经典类</li>
<li>只有Python2中才有经典类</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="五、继承与抽象"><a href="#五、继承与抽象" class="headerlink" title="五、继承与抽象"></a>五、继承与抽象</h1><p>继承描述的是子类与父类之间的关系，是一种什么是什么的关系。要找出这种关系，必须先抽象再继承，抽象即抽取类似或者说比较像的部分。</p>
<p>抽象分成两个层次：</p>
<ol>
<li>将奥巴马和梅西这俩对象比较像的部分抽取成类；</li>
<li>将人，猪，狗这三个类比较像的部分抽取成父类。</li>
</ol>
<p>抽象最主要的作用是划分类别（可以隔离关注点，降低复杂度），如下图所示：</p>
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/0081Kckwgy1glvtsjiddoj30lq0afgp4.jpg" alt="89-类的继承-抽象图.png"></p>
<p>继承：基于抽象的结果，通过编程语言去实现它，肯定是先经历抽象这个过程，才能通过继承的方式去表达出抽象的结构。</p>
<p>抽象只是分析和设计的过程中，一个动作或者说一种技巧，通过抽象可以得到类，如下图所示：</p>
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/0081Kckwgy1glvtst5jygj30nu0bjn1o.jpg" alt="89-类的继承-继承图.png"></p>
<h1 id="六、继承的应用"><a href="#六、继承的应用" class="headerlink" title="六、继承的应用"></a>六、继承的应用</h1><ul>
<li>牢记对象是特征与功能的集合体，我们可以拿选课系统举例</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class OldboyPeople:</span><br><span class="line">    &quot;&quot;&quot;由于学生和老师都是人，因此人都有姓名、年龄、性别&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><br><span class="line">    school &#x3D; &#39;oldboy&#39;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self, name, age, gender):</span><br><span class="line">        self.name &#x3D; name</span><br><span class="line">        self.age &#x3D; age</span><br><span class="line">        self.gender &#x3D; gender</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class OldboyStudent(OldboyPeople):</span><br><span class="line">    def choose_course(self):</span><br><span class="line">        print(&#39;%s is choosing course&#39; % self.name)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class OldboyTeacher(OldboyPeople):</span><br><span class="line">    def score(self, stu_obj, num):</span><br><span class="line">        print(&#39;%s is scoring&#39; % self.name)</span><br><span class="line">        stu_obj.score &#x3D; num</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">stu1 &#x3D; OldboyStudent(&#39;tank&#39;, 18, &#39;male&#39;)</span><br><span class="line">tea1 &#x3D; OldboyTeacher(&#39;lqz&#39;, 18, &#39;male&#39;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li>对象查找属性的顺序：对象自己-》对象的类-》父类-》父类。。。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://tva1.sinaimg.cn/large/0081Kckwgy1glvttee3l6j308c094t8s.jpg" alt="89-类的继承-查找.jpg"></p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(stu1.school)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">oldboy</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(tea1.school)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">oldboy</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(stu1.__dict__)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;&#39;name&#39;: &#39;tank&#39;, &#39;age&#39;: 18, &#39;gender&#39;: &#39;male&#39;&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">tea1.score(stu1, 99)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">lqz is scoring</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print(stu1.__dict__)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;&#39;name&#39;: &#39;tank&#39;, &#39;age&#39;: 18, &#39;gender&#39;: &#39;male&#39;, &#39;score&#39;: 99&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="6-1-属性查找练习"><a href="#6-1-属性查找练习" class="headerlink" title="6.1 属性查找练习"></a>6.1 属性查找练习</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">class Foo:</span><br><span class="line">    def f1(self):</span><br><span class="line">        print(&#39;Foo.f1&#39;)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def f2(self):</span><br><span class="line">        print(&#39;Foo.f2&#39;)</span><br><span class="line">        self.f1()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class Bar(Foo):</span><br><span class="line">    def f1(self):</span><br><span class="line">        print(&#39;Bar.f1&#39;)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 对象查找属性的顺序：对象自己-》对象的类-》父类-》父类。。。</span><br><span class="line">obj &#x3D; Bar()  # self是obj本身，即找到Bar的f1()</span><br><span class="line">obj.f2()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Foo.f2</span><br><span class="line">Bar.f1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></section>
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